Technology during the war

When did the war begin and end officially?

April 12, 1861 – April 9, 1865 (last battle ended May 13, 1865)


How was the war fought?
The war was fought through a long period of time. Strategies like trench warfare were deployed. The new technologies introduced revolutionised the way the war was fought and how planning was done.
Slaves also joined in the war.

With what technology?
The new technology ranged from weapons to cameras and telegraphs to tin cans. New weapons allowed soldiers to be more effective, but this new technology also meant that more soldiers were killed.

Photography meant that the war was the first conflict to be accurately recorded with real-life images, rather than an artist’s impressions.

Telegraphs meant that commanders could communicate more quickly with each other and with their respective presidents.

Tin cans allowed food to be shipped longer distances without spoiling, although the fare offered in these convenient packages were not as varied or as tasty as modern canned goods.

Rifles were quicker to load and put a spin on a bullet, increasing its accuracy and firing range. By 1863, most infantrymen on both sides had the new rifles.

Another improvement was a new bullet, called the minie ball, which was easier to load into a rifle than the older type of ammunition. The new guns improved a soldier’s fighting effectiveness, but they also inflicted more causalities than the older weapons. Civil War surgeons were hard pressed to deal with these more extensive injuries.

Other new Civil War technology included the Gatling gun and the torpedo. The Gatling gun, a kind of machine gun on wheels, was not used much during the war, but when it was used it was devastating.

The South made extensive use of torpedoes, which were not the self-propelled missiles of today, but more like mines. Some torpedoes could be detonated electronically when an enemy vessel neared.

First use of submarines
The Confederates used steam- powered small submarines dubbed Davids, after the biblical youth who battled the giant Goliath and the forty-foot Hunley, which was operated by a hand cranked propeller, turned by eight men. In February 1864, the Hunley sank the U.S.S. Housatonic. Shortly thereafter the Hunley sank.

The Union army also attempted to use submarines, commissioning the forty-seven foot Alligator (yes, it was green). The Alligator was initially propelled by oars, but these proved unwieldy and were replaced with a screw propeller. The Union submarine did not prove to be an effective weapon and it sank off Cape Hatteras in 1863.

Railroads
Railroads were invaluable for carrying men and supplies; the North’s railroad system was more effectively organized, than the South’s. Two-thirds of the nation’s rails were in the north and northern rails were all more uniformly gauged than those in the South, allowing trains to run without fear of encountering a rail gauge they were not designed for.

Yet, the South quickly learned to use its rails to great advantage. One prime example was the reinforcement of Confederate troops, which routed the Union forces at the First Battle of Manassas, were transported to the area by rail.

Telegraphs
While the railroads improved physical transport, the telegraphs improved communications. Field commanders were able to communicate with one another far more rapidly than the old method of sending a messenger on horseback.

At one point, Lincoln sat in the Washington telegraph office through the night, sending orders to his commanders as the battle logistics changed. Telegraphs were also a great boon to folks on the home front, looking to hear the latest news. Some Civil War soldiers grew adept at putting up temporary telegraph wires, which the enemy often cut.

Photojournalism
Photojournalism also allowed the people back home to understand what was going on more effectively than they had in past wars. While the cameras were cumbersome by today’s standards, they gave an accurate record of events. Famed Civil War photographer Mathew Brady provided an invaluable historical record.

Unfortunately, Civil War technology to preserve food was not as well advanced as many other areas were during the conflict. The soldiers did have the luxury of canned foods, but these were not seasoned in the way we are accustomed to and were probably quit bland; the main canned item was pork and beans, but without spices or tomato sauce. Of course, refrigeration was lacking as well, limiting soldiers in the field to salted meats, since these did not spoil easily.


Wayne Teo (2p3-30)